Racial and Religious Hate Crime by Wendy Laverick & Peter Joyce

Author:Wendy Laverick & Peter Joyce
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030213176
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Social Disorder and Community Tension

Concerns regarding social disorder and the social, political and/or ideological threat posed by migrants and their descendants remained dominant concerns throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and gained further momentum during the early years of the twenty-first century. As discussed within the previous chapter, social disorders had been identified with social strain (in the form of economic decline, disadvantage, unemployment, lack of opportunity and injustice). In response to the 1995 Bradford Riots it had been noted by Mr. Max Madden within a House of Commons debate that young people had become ‘angry, alienated and frustrated’, causing friction and tension between the police and between communities (Madden 1995a). These issues were viewed by Dr. Kim Howells, within the same debate, as compounded by discrimination and social disadvantage, with Pakistani and Bangladeshi populations ‘most vulnerable to high unemployment both cyclical and long term’ (Howells 1995). Concerns had also been raised regarding an apparent loss of societal control with consequences for the susceptibility of members of the working class and minority ethnic communities to extremism prompting anxiety regarding domestic security issues.

It is perhaps significant that following the 1995 riots, the House of Commons debate also alluded to the impact of immigration laws upon the Asian community, particularly their perception of alienation. Thus commentators noted that these had been ‘deeply resented’, leading some to feel like ‘unwelcome aliens’. One MP stated that

They are members of a generation largely born in this country, and they are not prepared to put up with the setbacks that their parents, as immigrants, may have been prepared to endure. (Waller 1995)

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